Galaxy clusters are filled with a vast ocean of hot gas, stirred into turbulence by cosmic collisions. That turbulence amplifies magnetic fields, heats the gas, and skews our estimates of a cluster’s mass, yet measuring it is surprisingly hard, because the gas churns on every scale at once. A new study builds a cleaner tool to separate turbulence from bulk flow, finds it is low except right after mergers (matching XRISM), and warns that a popular method can mislead. We explain the finding and what’s solid versus model-dependent.
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 built a sharper method using fixed-scale filters, found that turbulence supplies at most about 5% of the gas pressure during a major merger (falling to 2%), consistent with XRISM observations, and showed that a popular multi-scale filtering method can introduce artifacts. The results come from a single simulated cluster.){kind=link}